第八堂课
“音乐的人类学和音乐的历史学:前言与议程”
Qureshi, Regula Burchkardt. 1995. “Music Anthropologies and Music Histories: A Preface and an Agenda.” Journal of the American Musicological Society 48/3: 331-342.
主讲:陈晨
作者简介
作者Qureshi, Regula Burckhardt,现为加拿大Albert大学民族音乐学荣誉退休教授。同时,她是加拿大民族音乐学中心主任,也是该中心的创始人;以及FolkwaysAlive项目的音 乐 教授和学术指导。
Qureshi的乐器是大提琴和萨伦吉琴(印度弦乐器),她的研究范围十分广泛,对象从南亚到伊斯兰音乐实践都有所涉及。例如,研究印度和巴基斯坦苏菲派音乐的《Qawwali的声音、背景和意义》(Sound, Context and Meaning in Qawwali)和合著的《北美的穆斯林社会和穆斯林家庭》(Muslim Society in North America and Muslim Families in North America)。
她对于口传文化传统和音乐政治经济的研究有:她编辑的《音乐和马克思:观念、实践和政治》(Music and Marx: Ideas, Practice, Politics)和她撰写的《印度的大师音乐家:音乐萨伦吉琴演奏家们说》(Master Musicians of India: Hindustani Sarangi Players Speak)。她对于女性音乐家的也有研究。例如,合著的论文《女性的声音:向紫罗兰弓箭手致敬的论文》(Voices of Women: Essays in Honor of Violet Archer)。
Qureshi最近的研究项目题目为《女性中介和父系约束:20世纪印度的高级妓女》(Female Agency and Patrilineal Constraints: Situating Courtesans in 20th Century India)。
上述资料来自于加拿大alberta大学网站:http://www.music.ualberta.ca/rqureshi.cfm
文章结构
本文是修改自1993年第59届美国音乐学会(蒙特利尔)上的发言。现今的版本是作为其他四位作者的四片论文的引言而发表的。文章结构清晰,如下:
l 前言
l 人类学到历史学
l 音乐的社会性
l 中介和表现
l 小结
文章内容
前言部分:
文章以一个假设的副标题“对于音乐学实践的询问”开始。作者指出若是在音乐的人类学和音乐的历史学相互对峙的情况下,这个假设的副标题是合适的。然而,这样一种对峙在各个方面都已经成为过去。因此,在文章的第一段,作者已经表明了音乐学与民族音乐学应该互相借鉴融合的态度。
这样一种就借鉴和融合的缘起于近年来关于历史学和音乐学的争论。历史学和音乐学是两个并置的,社会科学研究中的主要范式。这两个范式都促使音乐学术更加清晰。作者引用Marshall Sahlins:实践无疑已经超越了人类学或是历史学这种理论上的区分…现在的问题是,在文化的人类学经验中引入历史学的观念。作者将上述问题相反的角度复述一次:同样的问题,在文化的历史学经验中引入人类学的观念,目的是(引用Ibid)“在当下找寻过去观念化的地方,因为文化就是过去在当下组织的情况”。近年来,上述两种借鉴和融合越来越多,暗示一种新音乐史学,即人类学化的历史学或者历史学化的人类学(Anthropologized history or historicized anthropology)。
这篇前言导引的四篇文章,分别关于前哥伦比亚音乐(pre-Columbian music)、非洲音乐(African music)、正歌剧(opera seria)和爵士音乐(Jazz)。这四篇文章的作者都探索了上述借鉴和融合在音乐历史中导致的不同角度,虽然四篇文章的研究对象与区域不同,但相同的是他们的学科与选题的角度都体现了民族音乐学、技术理论(music theory)与史学的相互补充、都挑战了既有学术的偏见、选题都涉嫌成为文化或是历史研究的另类。
关于这一复合理论体系(译者注:以音乐学为代表的历史学方法和以民族音乐学为代表的人类学方法):音乐学从学院产生即具有历史倾向,而近来的技术理论释放成为学科也强化了这一倾向。民族音乐学在1885年之前都十分边缘化,1885年 终于被接纳为大音乐学的一部分。由于它相对孤立于音乐学的特点,因而转向人类学和相对论、整体论、文化自反性,且常伴随反霸权的潜流。音乐学是实证的、且 保守的,这一特点因二战而强化。二战以后,美国对于欧洲人文传统的继承,由欧洲流亡美国的学界领军人物共同定义。尽管音乐学与民族音乐学有着深刻的不同, 但是音乐学家??而不是人类学家??逐渐接受了民族音乐学家们和他们的无历史的方式。这种共存使得民族音乐学家越来越多地参与到音乐学取向中去了。
人类学关注经验与观念、行为与反映之间的联系;因而比起过去更关注现在、比起书写资料更关注有生命的体验和经验(experience);研究对象是西方高文化以外的、因地理或强权边缘化的文化;研究者与文化主体之间跨文化的天性,造成了文化相对论。人类学影响下的民族音乐学由于研究对象是有生命的音乐经历经验(译者注:同人类学);引入人类学的跨文化研究方法作为基础,称为“民族志的方法”:通过个人参与和口头采访获得(elicit抽出)原始资料。某种程度上来说,上述程序(译者注:人类学的)把任何一个音乐学生的已有经验正式化:事实上,民族音乐学家为音乐学生和表演者在抽取和参与其他文化时找到了一个文化上合适、愉快互助的有利位置。
作者在这一节提到了田野中“历史与现在”问题的一些划分。田野(译者注:人类学的典型方法)是相关音乐的现在的,强化了人类学的强调“现在”多于“历史”的特点。民族音乐学中,口传文化的历史录音----被认为是历史的;民族志----被认为是现在的。西方音乐史学家与属于其他音乐文化的同事之间的交流,被人作为跨文化交流。把所谓民族志的各个纬度结合起来成为跨文化历史音乐学的行动不多,但是他们对主动超越人类学和历史学的矛盾非常重要。
近年来,民族音乐学学科自身发生了历史的回流,这也带来了主要有音乐学界使用的“历史方法”的 回流,同时也出现了多元化的发展。音乐民族志中历史意识的觉醒,使得我们提出了质疑:人类学实践是否抢夺掉的民族音乐志研究者在田野时不可避免地会遇到的 时间问题。一些新的研究努力将历史与当下的取向结合起来。同时产生它的伴随物,即通过城市音乐和全球音乐的民族音乐志的关注,体现偏向变化还是传统、偏向 过程还是系统问题。
从人类学到历史学
很明显,音乐的学术研究中,人类的历史学研究和历史的人类学研究都正在发生着。这样一个相互关系的过程,越来越加强了历史的和人类的两种音乐学者的对话,共同拓展研究范围并增加研究的多样性。是时候对这样一种自然发生的过程提出询问,而上述过程是同时由理论和实践推进的。
之后四位作者的文章各有不同,但都是意味深长的人类的历史学研究。同时四位作者集体提出了两个议程,或称“新合金”,即音乐的社会性、表现与中介。
音乐的社会性
这个段落,作者介绍了四篇文章与社会性相关的问题,简述如下:
l Martha Feldman:将opera seria(正歌剧)重新构想成为一种仪式表演。
l Gary Tomilinson:在他的阿兹台克坎塔尔(Aztec cantares)研究中,揭示文本音乐实体与社会秩序(order)的元素之间的重要联系。
l Kofi Agawu:探索非洲节奏的多维度语义场,将他的研究导向它们社会功用和意义的主要联系。
l Ingrid Monson:以爵士音乐为例,研究其音乐与社会目的的关系。
中介与表现
这个段落,作者继续介绍四篇文章中体现的另一个合金“中介与表现”,诸多细节,这里不再赘述,具体请参见文章。
小结
这个部分,作者对之后的四篇文章的一些共同特点进行了总结。
这 四篇文章都以人类学的人文主义为基础,正视音乐是一种经历经验,而作为过程的音乐对象是参与者相互关系作用的结果。人的关系隐藏在声音中,又通过声音表 现:音乐是一个强大的有声的社会力量。从主旨的范围来说,这四篇文章还集体传达了音乐研究领域是统一的。西方、非西方,古典、非古典只是关于功能的特殊 性,从而关于文化的或历史的。文化也好、历史也好都开放着有待讨论和丰富的,在一个更广阔的、多元的诠释下的观念和学术实践。
这四篇文章共同体现的后现代,主要有两大议程:反作用-动作(包括重新发明、重新思考),例如多于历史维度的重新思考;主张与争论,例如学科惯例与界限。上述惯例,不是历史撰写的惯例,而是思考的惯例。这样学科才有了新的基础:在不主张霸权的情况下研究历史,或者在后现代的倒转模式下,不研究历史就没有了霸权。现有的就是历史。
作 为结束语,作者写道:这是不是没有霸权的学术的开始?我们每个人通过各自的研究和研究维度,我们会达到这个目标,在我们直面音乐和音乐学的政治本质的情况 下。这表明音乐历史编纂者名必须向所有愿意倾诉的他者们敞开。同时这也表明在西方音乐学研究实践中引入文化经验的范式。我们需要对于西方音乐做研究的非洲 的或印度的音乐学,如同我们需要他们。
课堂讨论:
曹老师提问:能否用你自己的话说一下这篇文章究竟在说什么?
陈晨回答:这篇文章因为最早是1993年第59届 美国音乐学会(蒙特利尔)上的发言,因而是在向音乐学界倡导人类学方法和历史学方法的借鉴与融合。其实,这篇文章的实质,我认为是历时与共时问题的再讨 论,而这种再讨论的目的不在与将它们作为对立的研究方法区分开来,而是将它们作为历史音乐学研究也好、民族音乐学研究也好的方法上两个互相补充的不同方面 加以利用。
曹 老师提问:同学们的观点呢?
有同学回答:本文提出了在历史研究中使用人类学方法,在民族音乐学研究中使用历史研究的方法。
曹 老师提问:这是一个新的提议吗?
陈晨回答:我认为不是,自从20世纪90年代民族音乐学经历了一系列的反思,其中就包括历史和人类学的方法融合的这一议题。
曹老师补充:我同意这不是一个新的建议,但是文中确实提出了一个有意思的观点,就是“在当下找寻过去”(见文章内容部分的下划线处)。
曹老师对本文的点评:
【本文的结构较为简单,主题是讨论音乐史学与人类学之间鸿沟的调和。作者在其他著作中都有表示过她的“民族音乐学属音乐学”定位的立场。】
Structure of the Article
Introduction: Anthropologized History or Historicized Anthropology
Anthropology to History
The Sociality of Music
Agency and Representation
Conclusion
以下是曹老师希望同学注意的段落:
Introduction: Anthropologized History or Historicized Anthropology
p. 331
…In the words of anthropologist Marshall Sahlins, “Practice clearly has gone beyond the theoretical differences that are supposed to divide anthropology and history…. The problem now is to explode the concept of history by the anthropological experience of culture.” 【以人类学的经验(视野)看历史】 Concomitantly, the problem is also to explode the concept of anthropology by the historical experience of culture, 【以历史经验(视野)看人类学】 so as to “find the conceptual place of the past in the present”for“culture is precisely the organization of the current situation in the terms of a past.”【历史是现在人看过去事】 In recent years, musicologists 【注意作者的音乐学定位】 of all persuasions have been tacitly engaging more and more in both these processes. Together, they yield a new amalgam, an anthropologized history or historicized anthropology, suggestive of new music histories.
P. 332
…. Ethnomusicology has from the outset been considered a marginalized specialty【音乐学中诸多子学科之一(见Adler的音乐学构图)】…. Its relative isolation from musicology possibly facilitated a pragmatic search that led ethnomusicologists toward the tools of anthropology and a paradigm of relativity, holism, and cultural reflexivity, often with counter-hegemonic undercurrents. 【与音乐学的分野使(北美)民族音乐学从人类学寻找出路,包括人类学的相对论、整体论、文化反射等范例。】
pp. 332 - 333
Despite profound epistemological differences, however, musicologists - not anthropologists - have gradually proceeded to accommodate ethnomusicologists and their ahistorical ways; 【但是人类学却从没有把民族音乐学当作一回事。】 this academic coexistence is leading ethnomusicologists to an increasing engagement with musicological orientations.【民族音乐学学者越来越多的涉入音乐学的取向。当然,作者的所说只能对北美的情况有效,因为只有在北美才有较为显著的民族音乐学与音乐学两分情况出现,欧洲和其他地区并非如此严重。】 In academia, musical bonds have clearly proven stronger than disciplinary ones. 【民族音乐学怎样都不能否定它的音乐学属性。】 【请同学注意作者的注脚:It is intriguing to speculate about the forces at work here, especially the exclusion of music but not “art” from departments of anthropology. Is music the most “other” of the arts because it is not subject to visual control?】 What does anthropology bring to the study of music? Anthropology has been focused on the connections between experience and concepts, action and reflection, 【行为反映思想】thereby privileging the present over the past, and lived experience over textualized accounts… anthropology has built itself by studying “down” and “out,” below and beyond the circumference of Western high culture, and including people marginalized by geography as well as hegemony. 【传统的人类学的关注是“现时”、“口传”、“他者”。】.
Ethnomusicologists…have pioneered the foundational adaptation of anthropology to the cross-cultural study of living musical cultures. At the center of this adaptation are anthropology’s systematized approaches to generating knowledge through what is generically termed “the ethnographic method”: the gathering of “source material” through personal participation and verbal eliciting. 【受人类学的影响,(北美)民族音乐学以“现时”的民族志方法为其主要方面。】
p. 334
The experience of fieldwork indelibly connects music with the living processes and relationships that generate it, thereby further reinforcing the anthropological privileging of present over past. Where a historical “record” is part of a musical culture, however, whether in written or even in oral form, the study of such materials has tended to be assigned to the project “history,” reflecting a tendency, even within ethnomusicology, to separate the ethnography, or “present,” and the history, or “past,” of a musical culture 【这种分离显示了以人类学为依据的北美民族音乐学的隧道视野(tunnel vision)和方法学上的缺陷。】…Moves to incorporate this “ethnographic” dimension of cross-cultural historical musicology into the scholarship itself are few, but they are significant to the initiative to transcend the dialectic between anthropology and history.【虽然学界对两者融合的试图不多,但它们是具重要意义、且开拓了超越人类学与历史研究学科之间的分野。】
pp. 334 - 335
Recent years have seen an explicit embrace of historical reflexivity within the field of ethnomusicology, and along with it something of a rapprochement with the “historical method” of mainstream musicology. 【“musicology”指的是民族音乐学】 【请同学注意作者的注脚:Two volumes connected with protagonist Bruno Nettl are seminal: Bruno Nettl and Philip V. Bohlman, eds., Comparative Musicology and Anthropology of Music: Essays on the History of Ethnomusicology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991); and Philip V. Bohlman, Stephen Blum, and Daniel Neuman, eds., Comparative Musicology and Modern Music History (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991).These monographs were preceded by an explicitly history-oriented panel at the annual meeting of the Society for Ethnomusicology in 1983, followed by an SEM pre-conference symposium in 1986 and a major conference on History and Ethnomusicology in 1987 (organized by Judith Becker and by Bruno Nettl, respectively).】 … An important result has been to import historical consciousness into the scholarly practice of musical ethnography, 【在音乐民族志中纳入历史的关注】putting into question the anthropological practice of reifying the ethnographer’s inevitably time-constrained field experience into an essentialized “ethnographic present.”
Anthropology to History
pp. 335 - 336
For many ethnomusicologists, to practice history is to return to a paradigm basic to their own formation…. Anthropologizing music history must therefore begin with a recasting of the musical product into the realm of experience: 【音乐历史中的人类学视野,必须把音乐置于“接收”过程之中。】a process of cultural production, of performance, of utterance and reception, all generated by human agents. At a profound level this may amount to the “undisciplining” of music, releasing it from the boundaries of an essentialism closely linked to textualist form, so that it may be restored to the human relationships that produce it. 【换句话说,即是把在文字中的历史“生命化”;但我怀疑是否每一项音乐的过去都能使其“生命化”?】
One such margin is temporal: a shift toward an oral-aural conception of music has been initiated by medieval chant specialists, initially as a “problem” of notational inadequacy, from which a “New Historical View” has emerged that incorporates oral processes within the historiography of music. Somewhat concurrently, another manifestation of a similar shift can be observed in the dynamic intensification of the historical performance practice movement…This has led to a fully articulated call for a re-envisioning of past musical cultures by means of an ethnographic approach with a comprehensive agenda for creating a cultural context for Gregorian chant from widely ranging historical sources, interpretively enhanced by analogies to living chant traditions. 【如何将音乐的过去通过民族志使它“生命化”?我们将会在Shelemay的文章中读到一个例子。】
p. 337
…the anthropologizing of history, as well as the historicizing of anthropology, are beginning to take place in music scholarship. And the very mutuality of the process is increasingly drawing anthropological and historical musicologists into dialogues of expanding scope and diversity…
Agency and Representation
p. 339
Collectively, these case studies eloquently speak to the implications of dialogue, de-essentializing, and difference. At base is a move toward an anthropologized humanism that envisages music as experience, and the musical object as a process resulting from interactive relationships between participants.【现在人对过去音乐的“experience”;还是在讲“生命化”音乐的过去。】These human relationships are encoded in the sound of the music…: a powerful sonic social force.
pp. 339 - 340
In applying such an approach to specific musical traditions, each author grapples with the unique configuration of social meaning conveyed in the music. The music of opera seria is identified as a frame for ritual social interaction, African rhythm as “always-already” socially connected, and Aztec cantares as integrated metonymic construction of pre-Columbian Mexican perceptions. All this amounts to musicological practices that are attentive to music as sound but committed to cultural sensitivity.... Ultimately at issue is musicological authorship and its power of representation - a political question no less than a musical one…【那么,如何看待“谁的民族音乐学”这个问题呢?这也是一个“political question”。】
p. 340
…the universe of musical study is one, and that the divide between Western and non-Western, classical and non-classical musics is ultimately a function of privilege and therefore a matter of culture and history, both of which are open to negotiation and to enrichment through a broader, more pluralistic interpretation of their concepts and scholarly practice.
…musicology enters into a crucial contemporary intellectual debate about history and cultural experience. It is a debate that can only be enriched by the sophisticated insights musicologists can contribute regarding the neglected domain of music.
Conclusion
p. 341
Speaking more broadly, I believe that the field of music has much to contribute…. Indeed, anthropology is in one sense but a conduit for extending to our scholarship sensibilities which we all learn from our partnerships in musical performance. 【我的延伸:民族音乐学是音乐学的分支;人类学是音乐学/民族音乐学其中的一个视野/工具/或取向。人类学一方面把艺术作为它研究的对象,但却忽略艺术的其中一个类别----音乐。只有音乐学才是研究音乐的学科(文化中音乐和音乐的音乐)!】